Difference between revisions of "Movement to Legalise Marijuana and the Tobacco Industry"

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==Background==
 
==Background==
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Marijuana or Cannabis is an addictive substance, illegal in many countries of the world. However, certain countries and/ or states have started the process of legalising marijuana. By late 2016, 25 state governments in the USA have permitted cannabis use for medical purposes, while Colorado, Washington State, Oregon, Alaska and Washington DC have permitted recreational cannabis use. Canada was planning to legalise cannabis use, while Uruguay has made significant progress in implementing a model of state monopoly for cannabis. Australia, Czech Republic, France, Jamaica and Mexico have plans to allow use of cannabis for medical purposes.<ref name = Subritzky> T Subritzky, S Lenton, S. Pettigrew. Legal cannabis industry adopting strategies of the tobacco industry. ‘’’Drug and Alcohol Review’’’, 2016; 35: 511–513. doi: 10.1111/dar.12459</ref>
+
Marijuana or Cannabis is an addictive substance, illegal in many countries of the world. However, certain countries and/ or states have started the process of legalising marijuana. By August 2020, 25 state governments in the USA have permitted cannabis use for medical purposes, while Colorado, Washington State, Oregon, Alaska and Washington DC have permitted recreational cannabis use. When considering other countries in the world, Canada, Uruguay and Georgia has legalised use of cannabis.<ref name = Subritzky> T Subritzky, S Lenton, S. Pettigrew. Legal cannabis industry adopting strategies of the tobacco industry. ‘’’Drug and Alcohol Review’’’, 2016; 35: 511–513. doi: 10.1111/dar.12459</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Effects of Use==
 +
Although lobbyists promoting safety of cannabis overemphasize the fact that it is used (although infrequently) for treatment of some diseases in ayurvedic medicine and that it undergoes research for treatment in palliative care in allopathic medicine, scientific evidence suggests a range of harmful health effects which worsens with increased frequency and duration of use. The adverse effects associated with cannabis use identified as of August 2020 are listed below:
 +
*Addiction. Teen cannabis users are more likely to become addicted to cannabis than people who start using the drug when they are older.<ref name = CDC> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/adolescents.html Adolescents and Young Adults], Marijuana and Public Health, 26 February 2018, accessed August 2020</ref><ref name = National> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. [https://www.nap.edu/read/24625 The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: Current state of evidence and recommendations for research], 2017, accessed August 2020</ref><ref name = Beh> S Behrendt, K Beesdo-Baum, M Hofler, et al. The relevance of age at first alcohol and nicotine use for initiation of cannabis use and progression to cannabis use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123(1-3):48-56.</ref><ref name = Chen> CY Chen, MS O’Brien, JC Anthony. Who becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use? Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000-2001. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;79(1):11-22</ref><ref name = Perk> A Perkonigg, RD Goodwin, A Fiedler, et al. The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence during the first decades of life. Addiction. 2008;103(3):439-449; discussion 450-431</ref><ref name = Silins> E Silins, LJ Horwood, GC Patton, et al. Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):286-293</ref>
 +
*Schizophrenia<ref name = CDC1> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/mental-health.html Mental Health], Marijuana and Public Health, 26 February 2018, accessed August 2020</ref><ref name = National> National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. [https://www.nap.edu/read/24625 The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: Current state of evidence and recommendations for research], 2017, accessed August 2020</ref>
 +
*Other psychoses<ref name = CDC1/> 
 +
*Suicidal ideation<ref name = CDC1/>
 +
*Social anxiety disorder<ref name = CDC1/>
 +
*Worsened symptoms of bipolar disorder<ref name = CDC1/>
 +
*Impairment of learning, memory and attention. The damage may last even after stopping the use. <ref name = CDC3> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/brain.html Brain Health and Future Outcomes], Marijuana and Public Health, 13 December 2017, accessed August 2020</ref>
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*Permanent effects on developing brains of adolescents and young adults —especially to the parts responsible for memory, learning, attention, decision-making, coordination, emotions, and reaction time.<ref name = CDC3/><ref name = National/><ref>KM Lisdahl, ER Gilbart, NE Wright, S Shollenbarger. Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:53</ref>
 +
*Negatively affecting adolescents’ and young adults’ health and well-being, including their school performance, education level, social lives, and future employment and income.<ref name = CDC/><ref name = Beh/><ref name = Chen/><ref name = Perk/><ref name = Silins/>
 +
*Cannabis smoke contains many of the same toxins, irritants and carcinogens as tobacco smoke and cannabis smokers tend to inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than cigarette smokers. This leads to a greater exposure to tar per breath, increasing the risk of lung damage due to tar and other toxins<ref name = ALA>American Lung Association. [https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/smoking-facts/health-effects/marijuana-and-lung-health Marijuana and Lung Health], 27 May 2020, accessed August 2020</ref>
 +
*Smoking marijuana causes lung damage, leading to chronic cough, phlegm production, wheeze and acute and chronic bronchitis<ref name = ALA/>
 +
*Smoking cannabis during pregnancy can lead to low birth weight in babies.<ref name = CDC2> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/pregnancy.html Pregnancy], Marijuana and Public Health, 13 December 2017, accessed August 2020</ref>
 +
*Chemicals from cannabis (particularly THC) can be passed to a baby via breastfeeding<ref name = CDC2/>
 +
*Negatively affects skills needed for safe driving, increasing the risk and occurrence of road traffic accidents<ref> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/driving.html Driving], Marijuana and Public Health, 26 February 2018, accessed August 2020</ref>
 +
*Acute cardiovascular effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure and postural hypotension<ref name = National/> 
 +
*Reduction of blood flow to the heart (cardiac ischemia)<ref name = National/><ref>P Beaconsfield, J Ginsburg, R Rainsbury. Marihuana smoking. Cardiovascular effects in man and possible mechanisms. New England Journal of Medicine, 1972, 287(5):209–212</ref><ref>N L Benowitz, and R T Jones. Cardiovascular and metabolic considerations in prolonged cannabinoid administration in man. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1981, 21(8–9 Suppl):214S–223S</ref>
 +
*Increased risk of a heart attack in the hours after cannabis use (due to cardiac ischaemia, acute cardiovascular effects and reduced Oxygen percentage in blood)<ref name = National/><ref> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/nas/heart.html Heart Attack, Stroke and Diabetes Risk], Marijuana and Public Health, 26 February 2018, accessed August 2020</ref>
 +
*Negatively affects the immune system and the lung’s ability to fight disease, especially in already immunocompromised patients (e.g. from immunosuppressive drugs or diseases, such as HIV infection), leading to increased risk of opportunistic infections and lower respiratory tract infections like pneumonia<ref name = ALA/>
 +
*Becoming addicted to other substances such as alcohol, tobacco and other illicit drugs<ref name = National/> 
 +
*Accidental poisoning due to accidental ingestion, especially among children and elderly<ref>A Zupan Mežnar, M Brvar, G Kralj, D Kovačič. Accidental cannabis poisoning in the elderly. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128 (Suppl 7):548-552. doi:10.1007/s00508-016-1136-0, accessed August 2020</ref><ref> IWK Regional Poison Centre. [https://childsafetylink.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Cannabis-Edibles-Backgrounder-October-2018-FINAL.pdf Child Safety Link Backgrounder: Cannabis Legalization, Cannabis Edibles & Unintentional Poisonings in Young Children], 10 October 2018, accessed August 2020</ref>
  
 
==Role of the Tobacco Industry in Legalising Marijuana==  
 
==Role of the Tobacco Industry in Legalising Marijuana==  
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[https://web.archive.org/web/20170824090943/https://www.facebook.com/chinthanad/videos/10155444376735185/ Chinthana Dharmadasa], a personal blogger in Sri Lanka speaking positively about cannabis in the book launch stated that it was due to USA the cannabis use was illegalised. He further declared that canbis use should be legalised and destigmatised in Sri Lanka.<ref> C Dharmadasa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170824090943/https://www.facebook.com/chinthanad/videos/10155444376735185/Chinthana Dharmadasa Videos], Facebook, 02 August 2017, accessed August 2017</ref>  
 
[https://web.archive.org/web/20170824090943/https://www.facebook.com/chinthanad/videos/10155444376735185/ Chinthana Dharmadasa], a personal blogger in Sri Lanka speaking positively about cannabis in the book launch stated that it was due to USA the cannabis use was illegalised. He further declared that canbis use should be legalised and destigmatised in Sri Lanka.<ref> C Dharmadasa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170824090943/https://www.facebook.com/chinthanad/videos/10155444376735185/Chinthana Dharmadasa Videos], Facebook, 02 August 2017, accessed August 2017</ref>  
  
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The local language translations
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<table style="float:left"><tr><td></td><td>[[File:Tamil-new.jpg|90px|right|TobaccoUnmasked_Tamil|link=http://tobaccounmasked.lk/tamil/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88]]</td><tr></table>
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==''TobaccoUnmasked'' Resources==
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*The local language translations
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<table style="float:left"><tr><td>[[File:Sinhala.jpg|right|90px|TobaccoUnmasked_Sinhala|link=http://tobaccounmasked.lk/sinhala/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA]]</td><td>[[File:Tamil-new.jpg|90px|right|TobaccoUnmasked_Tamil|link=http://tobaccounmasked.lk/tamil/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88]]</td><tr></table>
 
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[[Category:Influencing Policy]]
 
[[Category:Influencing Policy]]
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[[Category:Politicians]]
 
 
[[Category:Entertainment Industry]]
 
[[Category:Entertainment Industry]]
 
[[Category:Global Tobacco Industry Tactics]]
 
[[Category:Global Tobacco Industry Tactics]]

Revision as of 04:13, 25 August 2020

Background

Marijuana or Cannabis is an addictive substance, illegal in many countries of the world. However, certain countries and/ or states have started the process of legalising marijuana. By August 2020, 25 state governments in the USA have permitted cannabis use for medical purposes, while Colorado, Washington State, Oregon, Alaska and Washington DC have permitted recreational cannabis use. When considering other countries in the world, Canada, Uruguay and Georgia has legalised use of cannabis.[1]

Effects of Use

Although lobbyists promoting safety of cannabis overemphasize the fact that it is used (although infrequently) for treatment of some diseases in ayurvedic medicine and that it undergoes research for treatment in palliative care in allopathic medicine, scientific evidence suggests a range of harmful health effects which worsens with increased frequency and duration of use. The adverse effects associated with cannabis use identified as of August 2020 are listed below:

  • Addiction. Teen cannabis users are more likely to become addicted to cannabis than people who start using the drug when they are older.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
  • Schizophrenia[8][3]
  • Other psychoses[8]
  • Suicidal ideation[8]
  • Social anxiety disorder[8]
  • Worsened symptoms of bipolar disorder[8]
  • Impairment of learning, memory and attention. The damage may last even after stopping the use. [9]
  • Permanent effects on developing brains of adolescents and young adults —especially to the parts responsible for memory, learning, attention, decision-making, coordination, emotions, and reaction time.[9][3][10]
  • Negatively affecting adolescents’ and young adults’ health and well-being, including their school performance, education level, social lives, and future employment and income.[2][4][5][6][7]
  • Cannabis smoke contains many of the same toxins, irritants and carcinogens as tobacco smoke and cannabis smokers tend to inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than cigarette smokers. This leads to a greater exposure to tar per breath, increasing the risk of lung damage due to tar and other toxins[11]
  • Smoking marijuana causes lung damage, leading to chronic cough, phlegm production, wheeze and acute and chronic bronchitis[11]
  • Smoking cannabis during pregnancy can lead to low birth weight in babies.[12]
  • Chemicals from cannabis (particularly THC) can be passed to a baby via breastfeeding[12]
  • Negatively affects skills needed for safe driving, increasing the risk and occurrence of road traffic accidents[13]
  • Acute cardiovascular effects such as increased heart rate and blood pressure and postural hypotension[3]
  • Reduction of blood flow to the heart (cardiac ischemia)[3][14][15]
  • Increased risk of a heart attack in the hours after cannabis use (due to cardiac ischaemia, acute cardiovascular effects and reduced Oxygen percentage in blood)[3][16]
  • Negatively affects the immune system and the lung’s ability to fight disease, especially in already immunocompromised patients (e.g. from immunosuppressive drugs or diseases, such as HIV infection), leading to increased risk of opportunistic infections and lower respiratory tract infections like pneumonia[11]
  • Becoming addicted to other substances such as alcohol, tobacco and other illicit drugs[3]
  • Accidental poisoning due to accidental ingestion, especially among children and elderly[17][18]

Role of the Tobacco Industry in Legalising Marijuana

Tobacco Companies Interest in Cannabis

Investigations revealed internal tobacco documents showing tobacco industry has been interested in cannabis as both a potential and a rival product from 1970s or before. According to them, tobacco industry started preparations to supply the potential commercial demand as signs of cannabis legalisation started to appear.[19]

According to an investigation conducted by The Daily Caller News Foundation, in the context of declining cigarette smoking, multinational tobacco companies have recognised cannabis as a product of significant interest due to three reasons:[20]

  • ”New Market” – Tobacco industry can make use of the established market of cannabis users, by using the branding strategy they used for cigarettes such as ‘Marlboro Man’. Well-defined brands will attract and sustain a group of users loyal to the brands, ensuring a sustainable market.
  • ”Redeem Smoking” - Tobacco smoking will be de-stigmatised to a certain degree as most popular method of using cannabis is via smoking.
  • ”Big Profits” - Tobacco companies who have started buying electronic cigarette manufacturing companies, will be able to make more profits as these appliances can be readily used to smoke cannabis.

Tobacco Companies Funding Marijuana Lobby

Evidence has emerged that the new cannabis industry and their lobbyists have received funding from the tobacco industry.[21] Marijuana Policy Project (MPP), the main group campaigning to legalise cannabis in USA accepted it received funding and support from tobacco companies. Rob Kampia, MPP’s Executive Director, admitted that tobacco companies got interested because of the proposed oligopoly in the business. MPP publicly acknowledged receiving USD 50,000 from Wild Bill’s Tobacco, “a chain of smoke shops”.[22][21]

Imperial Brands’ Investment in Cannabis

In July 2018 Imperial Brands PLC (former Imperial Tobacco) made the first formal investment in Cannabis industry. The Imperial Brands’ subsidiary Imperial Brands Ventures Ltd (Fontem Ventures) made the investment on the British medical marijuana research firm Oxford Cannabinoid Technologies (OCT) with Casa Verde, a seed investment firm backed by the rap musician Snoop Dogg.[23] Media reports noted that the investment was made a year after Imperial named an expert in medicinal cannabis to its board of directors and three days after the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of a cannabis-based drug to treat two rare forms of childhood epilepsy.[23][24][25]

Sri Lankan Experience

Promotion in Social Media

Facebook and other social media are well known to have been used in the campaign to legalise and commercialise cannabis. The Guardian reported that Facebook administration actively prevent cannabis promotion.[26] However a search on Facebook using the term ‘කංසා', meaning cannabis in local language (Sinhala), yielded names of five profiles on 07th August 2017. The example of a once such profile is shown in image 1.

Image 1: Capture of the Facebook page Susthikaraya promoting cannabis use[27]

Health Minister’s Plans to Cultivate Cannabis

Image 2: Ada newspaper reporting Health Minister’s plans to cultivate cannabis for medical purposes[28]

Media reported that Ministry of Health is planning to cultivate cannabis for medical purposes in three instances after the government was established in January 2015.

  • January 2016 (Image 2) - Mawbima (මව්බිම) and Ada (අද), two national newspapers in Sinhala language reported that Minister of Health Rajitha Senarathne declared that Health Ministry has plans to cultivate cannabis for medical purposes. The reports were quoting a speech made by the Minister at an open ceremony of an Ayurvedic Resort and a Spa (Vendol Resort Wadduwa) of a private pharmaceutical company for Ayurveda drugs (Vendol Lanka Pvt. Ltd). Both papers reported it in the first page.[29][28]
  • May 2016 - In May 2016, two national newspapers in Sinhala language (Ada & Lankadeepa) quoted Minister of Health at an event of Sri Lanka Ayurvedic Drugs Corporation and reported plans on cultivating cannabis for medical purposes.[30][31]
  • August 2017- Mawbima again reported on 17th August that Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous medicine is planning a cannabis cultivation project in a 100 Acre land. According to the article, the aim is to supply the indigenous medical practitioners with adequate amounts and export the rest to the European countries. The project planned to utilise Sri Lanka Army Forces to cultivate cannabis under high security conditions.[32]

The same newspaper on the same date reported that Minister of Health, Rajitha Senaratne instructed the police in a divisional coordination meeting held on 14th August to take immediate measures to stop the illicit Indian Cannabis trade that exists with the help of bribed police officers and politicians.[33]

  • September 2017 - Local and international media quoting Minister of Health reported the launch of a 100 Acre cannabies cultivation in Ingiriya, which is an area of Ministers electorate. Cultivated under high security provided by the Sri Lanka Armed Forces, estimated production was 25 tonnes per year. According to the Minister, what's-left after utilisation for local Ayurvedic purposes will be exported to USA.[34][35]
Image 3: Past Chairman of SLADC criticizing Minister of Health for misinforming the public on SLADC spending money on cannabis.[36]

Criticism against Minister of Health’s Plans (Image 3)

A past Chairman of the Sri Lanka Ayurvedic Drugs Corporation (SLADC), Somaweera Chandrasiri, criticised Health Minister’s statement in another national newspaper, Divayina (දිවයින) in January 2016, two days after the initial statement of the Minister. According to him, SLADC has never imported cannabis from India and does not have to spend money on buying cannabis because the cannabis seized during raids are donated to SLADC.[36]

Image 4: The author Weliange, presenting the book on Cannabis to a famous musician in Sri Lanka (Nadeeka Guruge) in the book launch.[37]

A Book Launched on Cannabis (Image 4)

In August 2017, a book on cannabis in Sinhala, titled ‘Thriloka Vijaya Pathraya’ by Wasantha Weliange, was launched in Colombo. The author, a Sri Lankan employed by a Nigerian University for the preceding five years, claimed he wanted to “give the right place to cannabis” and suggested “Sri Lanka should decide on starting cannabis production”. The book launch received wide coverage in public and social media.[38][39][40][41]

Chinthana Dharmadasa, a personal blogger in Sri Lanka speaking positively about cannabis in the book launch stated that it was due to USA the cannabis use was illegalised. He further declared that canbis use should be legalised and destigmatised in Sri Lanka.[42]


TobaccoUnmasked Resources

  • The local language translations
TobaccoUnmasked_Sinhala
TobaccoUnmasked_Tamil



Notes

  1. ↑ T Subritzky, S Lenton, S. Pettigrew. Legal cannabis industry adopting strategies of the tobacco industry. ‘’’Drug and Alcohol Review’’’, 2016; 35: 511–513. doi: 10.1111/dar.12459
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Adolescents and Young Adults, Marijuana and Public Health, 26 February 2018, accessed August 2020
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: Current state of evidence and recommendations for research, 2017, accessed August 2020
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 S Behrendt, K Beesdo-Baum, M Hofler, et al. The relevance of age at first alcohol and nicotine use for initiation of cannabis use and progression to cannabis use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123(1-3):48-56.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 CY Chen, MS O’Brien, JC Anthony. Who becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use? Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000-2001. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;79(1):11-22
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 A Perkonigg, RD Goodwin, A Fiedler, et al. The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence during the first decades of life. Addiction. 2008;103(3):439-449; discussion 450-431
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 E Silins, LJ Horwood, GC Patton, et al. Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):286-293
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Mental Health, Marijuana and Public Health, 26 February 2018, accessed August 2020
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Brain Health and Future Outcomes, Marijuana and Public Health, 13 December 2017, accessed August 2020
  10. ↑ KM Lisdahl, ER Gilbart, NE Wright, S Shollenbarger. Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:53
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 American Lung Association. Marijuana and Lung Health, 27 May 2020, accessed August 2020
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnancy, Marijuana and Public Health, 13 December 2017, accessed August 2020
  13. ↑ Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Driving, Marijuana and Public Health, 26 February 2018, accessed August 2020
  14. ↑ P Beaconsfield, J Ginsburg, R Rainsbury. Marihuana smoking. Cardiovascular effects in man and possible mechanisms. New England Journal of Medicine, 1972, 287(5):209–212
  15. ↑ N L Benowitz, and R T Jones. Cardiovascular and metabolic considerations in prolonged cannabinoid administration in man. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1981, 21(8–9 Suppl):214S–223S
  16. ↑ Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Heart Attack, Stroke and Diabetes Risk, Marijuana and Public Health, 26 February 2018, accessed August 2020
  17. ↑ A Zupan Mežnar, M Brvar, G Kralj, D Kovačič. Accidental cannabis poisoning in the elderly. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128 (Suppl 7):548-552. doi:10.1007/s00508-016-1136-0, accessed August 2020
  18. ↑ IWK Regional Poison Centre. Child Safety Link Backgrounder: Cannabis Legalization, Cannabis Edibles & Unintentional Poisonings in Young Children, 10 October 2018, accessed August 2020
  19. ↑ RA Barry, H Hiilamo, SA Glantz. Waiting for the Opportune Moment: The Tobacco Industry and Marijuana Legalization. Milbank Quarterly, 2014; 92: 207–242. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12055
  20. ↑ R Pollock. Three Biggest Reasons Tobacco Giants Eye Lucrative $50 Billion Marijuana Market, The Daily Caller News Foundation, 01 April 2016, accessed August 2017
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 KA Sabet. Marijuana Lobby Admits Tobacco Industry Executives Pay-to-Play, 07 June 2017, accessed August 2017
  22. ↑ Marijuana Business Daily. MPP chief ready to barter for marijuana campaign donations, 28 April 2017, accessed August 2017
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 S Williams. Big Tobacco Makes Its First Investment in the Marijuana Industry Motley Fool, 22 July 2018, accessed November 2018
  24. ↑ M Geller. Imperial Brands invests in cannabis-based medical research, Reuters, 28 June 2018, accessed November 2018
  25. ↑ BBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181118025024/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44645569
  26. ↑ The Guardian. Facebook cracks down on marijuana firms with dozens of accounts shut down, 17 February 2016, accessed August 2017
  27. ↑ Facebook. Susthikaraya, 25 August 2017, accessed August 2017
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 SS Kathriarachchi. රාජිත කංසා වවයි, Ada, 04 January 2016
  29. ↑ Mawbima. දෙශීය වෙදකමට කංසා වවන්න රාජිත සැරසෙයි. 04 January 2016
  30. ↑ Lankadeepa. කංසා වගාව නංවා අපනයනය කිරීමට පියවර ගන්නවා: ඇමති රාජිත කියයි. 12 May 2016, accessed August 2017
  31. ↑ N Ranasinghe. කංසා වවා අපනයනයට පියවර. Ada, 12 May 2016, accessed August 2017
  32. ↑ D Perera. අක්කර සීයක ගංජා වවයි, Mawbima, 17 August 2017
  33. ↑ W Kumara. කේරළ ගංජා ජාවාරම නතර කරන්න ඇමති රාජිතගෙන් උපදෙස්, Mawbima, 17 August 2017
  34. ↑ H Pavey. Sri Lanka launches first cannabis plantation to export to the US, Evening Standard, 14 September 2017, accessed September 2017
  35. ↑ The Indian Express. Sri Lanka to export cannabis from first plantation, 13th September 2017, accessed September 2017
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 D Lankapura. ආයුර්වේද සංස්ථාවට කිසිදා ඉන්දියාවෙන් ගංජා ගෙනත් නෑ. Divayina, 06 January 2016
  37. ↑ Sri Lanka Association of Anthropology Facebook page. KANSA – Book launch eke photos – share karamu, 02 August 2017, accessed August 2017
  38. ↑ Dinamina. ත්රෛලෝක්යවිජයා කතා කරන්නේ කන්සාවල ඇත්ත, 02 August 2017, accessed August 2017
  39. ↑ Divayina. ගංජාවලට අපිව බය කළේ ඇමරිකාව මට ඕනෑ ඒ බය නැති කරන්න, 06 August 2017, accessed August 2017
  40. ↑ W Weliange, Curriculum Vitae, University of Kelaniya, undated, accessed August 2017
  41. ↑ W Weliange. Wasantha’s Activity, LinkedIn Profile, 2017, accessed August 2017
  42. ↑ C Dharmadasa. Dharmadasa Videos, Facebook, 02 August 2017, accessed August 2017
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